Blog de Industrial-Rev0lution

England is the country leader of the Industrial revolution.
From the end of the XVIIIth century, this revolution was launched after the agricultural revolution said about "enclosures". The massive drift from the land created a plentiful and cheap workforce. Simultaneous pushes in the domains of the vapor, the metal industry and the textile industry have to participate massively in the evolution of the industrial productivity. Finally, the colonial and maritime ascendancy of United Kingdom supplied an easy access to diverse natural resources and to numerous outlets.
The Industrial revolution is also a revolution in the communications. The railroad and the Post office "exploded".

- Development of the metal industry
misses wood
use of the coal
formation of residue

Development of alloys:
cast iron and steel
Coalmines,
plentiful, easy to extract and to transport


Development of the steam transport:
boat and train

Development of the textile industry :
The cotton is more resistant than the wool and it is cheap
on 1800 mechanization of the spinning
1820 mechanization of the weaving


Formation of industrial capital

- Industrial company:
factory, machine, raw material, transport

- New social classes:.
Bourgeoisie:
bankers, storekeepers, entrepreneurs.
Average:
craftsmen, shopkeepers, clerk.
Worker:
ancient farmers
role: watch and feed machines


Appearance of department stores:
- A lot of goods
- a lot of service to the clientele
- appearance of the paper money

Development of the transport:
- numerous canals are dug
- steam powered are developed (R. Fulton on 1802)
- The locomotive is developed (R.Stephenson on 1829).
Facilitate the concentration of the industries.
Require a lot of iron and coal and creat many job.
And the bicycle is invented!

The Transformation of the work :

The premises were dirty, noisy, badly aerated, blocked.
The tasks were simple, precise, repetitive .
The work was overseen by foremen strict .
We worked 300 days / year and 14 hours / day .


The salary was insufficient. The women and the children had to work (20 in 40 %) :

The majority of the manpower were in the textile industry (50 %).
They worked in the same conditions as the men.
The salary of a woman was twice less than that of one man, and that of the child was 4 times less than that of the man.
The children worked from the age of 6ans, it engendered physical deformations.

The Development of the trade unionism:

It will help the women and the children by voting for laws to protect them.
It empechera the strikes because they were too violent.
It will train labor syndicates.
It will reduce the working day and will increase salaries continuation has demands.


The problems of the urbanization:
The factories were situated near sources of energy, railroads.
The urban area attracted the other companies which disponibilisait the workforce, which made plentiful the capital, and created the existance of market.
Housing was near factories due to the lack of transport and in long days and the rent was dear(expensive).
They were also dirty, wet, overpopulated, badly warmed and without tap water. The conditions were thus unhealthy. The esperance of life of one worker was of 30 years.


The social security:
The state doesn't help the people. There are foundations of body deprived. The elementary school becomes compulsory for all the children.

Definition of the term " Take Off ": term used by Rostow in 1961 in " the stages of the economic development ". He(it) qualifit the passage of an agrarian, feudal company, to an industrial and capitalist society. This term underlines the brutality of the phenomenon and the emergence of a new sector of the economy in England: the industry.



The "take-off" is characterized by an increasing part of the investment on the national income, exceeding 10 %.

James Watt was a scottish engineer fascinated by mechanics.
He revolutionized the steam engine of Newcomen by making it more functional.